Ação da própolis no manejo de lesões não infecciosas em cavidade oral: uma revisão integrativa / The effects of Propolis in the management of non-infectious lesions in the oral cavity: an integrative review

ntrodução: a própolis é um produto natural que apresenta inúmeras propriedades terapêuticas, dentre elas a ação cicatrizante e anti-inflamatória. Diversos estudos têm sugerido o seu emprego no manejo da mucosite oral (MO) e de lesões ulceradas em mucosa bucal. A MO é uma inflamação da mucosa oral, resultante do tratamento quimio e/ou radioterápico. Já as lesões ulceradas caracterizam-se como um distúrbio ulcerativo inflamatório doloroso. Objetivo: discutir a ação da própolis sobre a prevenção e cicatrização de lesões de origem não infecciosa que acometem a cavidade oral. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura em que foram utilizadas as bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, SciELO e Cochrane, por meio do cruzamento dos descritores em português: "própolis", "úlceras orais" e "mucosite oral"; e em inglês: "propolis", "oral ulcer" e "mucositis". Os seguintes critérios de inclusão foram estabelecidos: ensaios clínicos e revisões sistemáticas, na íntegra, escritos em inglês ou português, entre 2005 e 2018, que utilizaram a própolis de forma tópica ou sistêmica. Resultados: foram incluídos um total de 10 estudos, onde 2 abordaram o uso da própolis em úlceras orais e 8 tiveram como foco a aplicação deste agente no manejo da MO. Quanto ao desfecho, a aplicação da própolis na mucosite se mostrou eficaz em 7 dos 8 estudos. Já se tratando de úlceras orais, a administração deste agente foi efetiva nos 2 estudos. Conclusão: os estudos analisados demostraram que a própolis apresenta propriedades capazes de favorecer a prevenção e cicatrização de lesões de MO e úlceras orais.

Introduction: propolis is a natural product that has numerous therapeutic properties, including healing and anti-inflammatory action. Several studies have suggested its use in the management of oral mucositis (OM) and ulcerated lesions in the oral mucosa. OM is an inflammation of the oral mucosa resulting from chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Whereas ulcerated lesions are characterized as a painful inflammatory ulcerative disorder. Objective: to discuss the action of propolis on the prevention and healing of non-infectious lesions that affect the oral cavity. Methodology: this is an integrative literature review in which LILACS, PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane databases were used, by crossing descriptors in Portuguese: "própolis", "úlceras orais" and "mucosite oral"; and in English: "propolis", "oral ulcer" and "mucositis". The following inclusion criteria were established: clinical trials and systematic reviews, in full, written in English or Portuguese, between 2005 and 2018, which used propolis topically or systemically. Results: a total of 10 studies were included, where 2 addressed the use of propolis in oral ulcers and 8 focused on the application of this agent in the management of OM. As for the outcome, the application of propolis in mucositis proved to be effective in 7 of the 8 studies. As for oral ulcers, the administration of this agent was effective in both studies. Conclusion: the analysed studies demonstrated that propolis has properties capable of help the prevention and healing of OM lesions and oral ulcers.

Influência da via hippo no reparo da mucosite oral quimicamente induzida em modelo murino submetida a tratamento com laser, geleia real ou própolis / Influence of the hippo pathway on the repair of chemically induced oral mucositis in a murine model subjected to treatment with laser, royal jelly or propolis

A via hippo é uma via de transdução de sinal altamente conservada que está implicada no desenvolvimento, homeostase e regeneração celular/tecidual. A YAP tem papel fundamental na via hippo uma vez que junto com a TAZ ativam fatores de transcrição que levam ao crescimento, diferenciação e migração celular. O mecanismo de fosforilação da YAP/TAZ pela LATS1/LATS2 cria um sítio de ligação para manter a YAP no citoplasma (fosforilada) impedindo suas funções a nível nuclear. Diante das importantes funções desta via no reparo e crescimento tecidual, esta pesquisa avaliou se a via hippo exerceu influência na resposta ao tratamento da MO através da expressão das proteínas YAP e LATS2 em mucosite oral (MO) quimicamente induzida pelo 5- fluoracil (5-FU), em modelo murino, tratada com própolis (P), geleia real (GR) ou laser (L) comparadas ao grupo controle (C), sem tratamento. Foram utilizadas amostras de ratos machos wistar divididos nos seguintes grupos: C, P, GR e L (intraoral 6 J/cm2 ) separados em três tempos experimentais: dias 08, 10 e 14. O perfil de imunomarcação foi feito por escores padronizados entre 0 a 3 levando em consideração a marcação nuclear e/ou citoplasmática. Na análise de imunomarcação da YAP, no dia 08, o grupo controle obteve os escore 0 e 1 na maioria das amostras, já nos dias 10 e 14 a maior parte das amostras obteve os escore 2 e 3. Nos grupos experimentais (L, GR e P), o escore 2 prevaleceu em todos os tempos experimentais. Para LATS2 houve prevalência do escore 2 tanto no grupo controle quanto nos grupos teste em todos os tempos experimentais. Em relação a análise estatística da imunoexpressão da proteína YAP, verificou-se diferença estatítica significativa (p= 0,020), apenas no dia 08 entre o grupo controle comparado aos grupos experimentais (L, GR e P). Já para LATS2 nenhuma diferença estatística foi encontrada. Na avaliação estatística dos diferentes tempos experimentais dentro um mesmo grupo, só foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa no grupo laser e apenas para LATS2 (p=0,025). Adicionalmente foi realizada a correlação de spearman, entre YAP e LATS2 para todos os grupos, porém não houve associação estatística significativa. A maior imunoexpressão de YAP e LATS2 (escores 2 e 3) observada nos grupos experimentais, indica que a via hippo é ativada e parece influenciar o processo de reparo nas mucosites orais quimioinduzidas e tratadas pelos diferentes métodos (AU).

The hippo pathway is a highly conserved signal transduction pathway that is implicated in cell/tissue development, homeostasis and regeneration. YAP plays a key role in the hippo pathway since, together with TAZ, they activate transcription factors that lead to cell growth, differentiation and migration. The YAP/TAZ phosphorylation mechanism by LATS1/LATS2 creates a binding site to keep YAP in the cytoplasm (phosphorylated) preventing its functions at the nuclear level. Given the important functions of this pathway in tissue repair and growth, this research evaluated whether the hippo pathway exerted influence on the response to OM treatment through the expression of YAP and LATS2 proteins in oral mucositis (OM) chemically induced by 5-fluororacil (5- FU), in a murine model, treated with propolis (P), royal jelly (GR) or laser (L) compared to the control group (C), without treatment. Samples of male Wistar rats divided into the following groups were used: C, P, GR and L (intraoral 6 J/cm2) separated into three experimental times: days 08, 10 and 14. The immunostaining profile was performed by standardized scores between 0 to 3 taking into account nuclear and/or cytoplasmic labeling. In the YAP immunostaining analysis, on day 08, the control group obtained scores 0 and 1 in most samples, while on days 10 and 14 most samples obtained scores 2 and 3. In the experimental groups (L, GR and P), score 2 prevailed at all experimental times. For LATS2 there was a prevalence of score 2 both in the control group and in the test groups at all experimental times, showing a very heterogeneous expression. Regarding the statistical analysis of YAP protein immunoexpression, there was a statistically significant difference (p= 0.020), only on day 08 between the control group compared to the experimental groups (L, GR and P). As for LATS2, no statistical difference was found. In the statistical evaluation of the different experimental times within the same group, a statistically significant difference was only found in the laser group and only for LATS2 (p=0.025). Additionally, the Spearman correlation was performed between YAP and LATS2 for all groups, but there was no statistically significant association. The greater immunoexpression of YAP and LATS2 (scores 2 and 3) observed in the experimental groups indicates that the hippo pathway is activated and seems to influence the repair process in chemoinduced oral mucositis treated by different methods (AU).

TRPV1 participates in the protective effect of propolis on colonic tissue of ulcerative colitis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly characterized by inflammation, ulceration and erosion of colonic mucosa and submucosa. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is an important mediator of visceral pain and inflammatory bowel disease. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of water soluble propolis (WSP) on UC colon inflammatory tissue and the role of TRPV1.@*METHODS@#Male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): a normal control (NC) group, an ulcerative colitis model (UC) group, a low-WSP (L-WSP) group, a medium-WSP (M-WSP) group, a high-WSP (H-WSP) group, and a salazosulfapyridine (SASP) group. The rats in the NC group drank water freely, and the other groups drank 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution freely for 7 d to replicate the ulcerative colitis model. Based on the successful replication of the UC, the L-WSP, M-WSP, and H-WSP groups were given 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of water-soluble propolis by gavage for 7 d, and the SASP group was given 100 mg/kg of sulfasalazine by gavage for 7 d. The body weight of rats in each group was measured at the same time every day, the fecal traits and occult blood were observed to record the disease activity index (DAI). After intragastric administration, the animals were sacrificed after fasted 24 h. Serum and colonic tissue were collected, and the changes of MDA, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected. The pathological changes of colon tissues were observed by HE staining, and the expression of TRPV1 in colon tissues was observed by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence.@*RESULTS@#The animals in each group that drank DSS freely showed symptoms such as weight loss, decreased appetite, depressed state, and hematochezia, indicating that the model was successfully established. Compared with the NC group, DAI scores of other groups were increased (all P<0.05). MDA, IL-6, TNF-α in serum and colon tissues of the UC group were increased compared with the NC group (all P<0.01), and they were decreased after WSP and SASP treatment (all P<0.01). The results of showed that the colon tissue structure was obviously broken and inflammatory infiltration in the UC group, while the H-WSP group and the SASP group significantly improved the colon tissue and alleviated inflammatory infiltration. The expression of TRPV1 in colon tissues in the UC group was increased compared with the NC group (all P<0.01), and it was decreased after WSP and SASP treatment.@*CONCLUSIONS@#WSP can alleviate the inflammatory state of ulcerative colitis induced by DSS, which might be related to the inhibition of inflammatory factors release, and down-regulation or desensitization of TRPV1.

Down-regulation of complement genes in lipopolysaccharidechallenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to Indonesian propolis / Regulação negativa dos genes do complemento em larvas de peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) desafiadas com lipopolissacarídeo expostas à própolis indonésia

Although propolis has been reported for having anti-inflammatory activities, its effects on complement system has not been much studied. This research was conducted to find out the effects of Indonesian propolis on the expression levels of C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL, and C6 in zebrafish larvae which were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Counting of macrophages migrating to yolk sac and liver histology were carried out. Larvae were divided into four groups: CON (cultured in E3 medium only), LPS (cultured in a medium containing 0.5 μg/L LPS), LPSIBU (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then treated with 100 μg/L ibuprofen for 24 hours), and LPSPRO (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then immersed in 14,000 μg/L propolis for 24 hours) groups. The results showed that complement gene expression in larvae from the LPSIBU and LPSPRO groups were generally lower than in larvae from the LPS group. The number of macrophage migrations to the yolk in the LPSPRO group was also lower than in the LPS group. Histological structure of liver in all groups were considered normal. This study shows that Indonesian propolis has the potential to be used as an alternative to the substitution of NSAIDs.

Embora a própolis tenha sido relatada por ter atividade anti-inflamatória, seus efeitos no sistema complemento, uma parte do sistema imunológico inato, não foram muito estudados. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para descobrir os efeitos da própolis da Indonésia nos níveis de expressão de C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL e C6 em larvas de peixe-zebra induzidas por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Foram realizadas contagens de macrófagos que migram para o saco vitelino e histologia do fígado. As larvas foram divididas em quatro grupos: CON (cultivadas apenas em meio E3), LPS (cultivadas em meio contendo 0,5 μg/L de LPS), LPSIBU (cultivadas em meio contendo LPS e, em seguida, tratadas com 100 μg/L de ibuprofeno por 24 horas) e LPSPRO (cultivado em meio contendo LPS, e então imerso em própolis 14,000 μg/L por 24 horas). Os resultados mostraram que a expressão do gene do complemento em larvas dos grupos LPSIBU e LPSPRO foi geralmente menor que em larvas do grupo LPS. O número de migrações de macrófagos para a gema no grupo LPSPRO também foi menor que no grupo LPS. A estrutura histológica do fígado em todos os grupos foi considerada normal. Este estudo mostra que a própolis indonésia tem potencial para ser utilizada como alternativa na substituição dos AINEs (anti-inflamatórios não esteroides).

Down-regulation of complement genes in lipopolysaccharide-challenged zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to Indonesian propolis / Regulação negativa dos genes do complemento em larvas de peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) desafiadas com lipopolissacarídeo expostas à própolis indonésia

Abstract Although propolis has been reported for having anti-inflammatory activities, its effects on complement system has not been much studied. This research was conducted to find out the effects of Indonesian propolis on the expression levels of C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL, and C6 in zebrafish larvae which were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Counting of macrophages migrating to yolk sac and liver histology were carried out. Larvae were divided into four groups: CON (cultured in E3 medium only), LPS (cultured in a medium containing 0.5 μg/L LPS), LPSIBU (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then treated with 100 μg/L ibuprofen for 24 hours), and LPSPRO (cultured in a medium containing LPS, and then immersed in 14,000 μg/L propolis for 24 hours) groups. The results showed that complement gene expression in larvae from the LPSIBU and LPSPRO groups were generally lower than in larvae from the LPS group. The number of macrophage migrations to the yolk in the LPSPRO group was also lower than in the LPS group. Histological structure of liver in all groups were considered normal. This study shows that Indonesian propolis has the potential to be used as an alternative to the substitution of NSAIDs.

Resumo Embora a própolis tenha sido relatada por ter atividade anti-inflamatória, seus efeitos no sistema complemento, uma parte do sistema imunológico inato, não foram muito estudados. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para descobrir os efeitos da própolis da Indonésia nos níveis de expressão de C3, C1r/s, Bf, MBL e C6 em larvas de peixe-zebra induzidas por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Foram realizadas contagens de macrófagos que migram para o saco vitelino e histologia do fígado. As larvas foram divididas em quatro grupos: CON (cultivadas apenas em meio E3), LPS (cultivadas em meio contendo 0,5 μg/L de LPS), LPSIBU (cultivadas em meio contendo LPS e, em seguida, tratadas com 100 μg/L de ibuprofeno por 24 horas) e LPSPRO (cultivado em meio contendo LPS, e então imerso em própolis 14,000 μg/L por 24 horas). Os resultados mostraram que a expressão do gene do complemento em larvas dos grupos LPSIBU e LPSPRO foi geralmente menor que em larvas do grupo LPS. O número de migrações de macrófagos para a gema no grupo LPSPRO também foi menor que no grupo LPS. A estrutura histológica do fígado em todos os grupos foi considerada normal. Este estudo mostra que a própolis indonésia tem potencial para ser utilizada como alternativa na substituição dos AINEs (anti-inflamatórios não esteroides).

Aspectos da abordagem terapêutica sobre candidíase vulvovaginal / Aspects of the therapeutic approach to vulvovaginal candidiasis / Aspectos del abordaje terapéutico de la candidiasis vulvovaginal

A candidíase vulvovaginal, é uma infecção da vulva e vagina causada por vários tipos de Candida spp. Essa patologia afeta 75% de todas as mulheres pelo menos uma vez durante a vida, ocorrendo com mais frequência durante a idade fértil. A transmissão dessa infeção fúngica ocorre por meio de contato com mucosas e secreções em pele de portadores ou doentes, contato sexual, água contaminada e transmissão vertical. Alguns outros sintomas característicos mais vistos em casos de CVV, são lesões brancas, cremosas e planas, sendo mais intensos no período pré-menstrual, quando a acidez vaginal aumenta. numerosos antifúngicos estão disponíveis no mercado, os quais são encontrados para administração oral na forma de comprimidos ou, para uso tópico, na forma de cremes, loções, comprimidos vaginais, supositórios e tampões revestidos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi analisar através da revisão de literatura, tratamentos convencionais e alternativos para abordagem terapêutica da Candidíase Vulvovaginal contextuando a mesma, utilizando definições, dados epidemiológicos e sua sintomatologia frente à sociedade. O presente trabalho é uma revisão integrativa, que teve a coleta de dados realizada de março de 2021 a outubro de 2021 nas bases de dados Lilacs, Scielo, Google acadêmico, A busca resultou em 902 artigos, dos quais 14 atenderam ao critério de inclusão. A busca por tratamentos frente a candidíase vulvovaginal tem se mostrado ampla de acordo com os artigos selecionadas. Concluímos que a patologia candidíase vulvovaginal, vem apresentando resistência em algumas abordagens terapêuticas, assim como algumas mulheres não aderem há algum tipo de tratamento, devido à falta de conhecimento sobre a patologia.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an infection of the vulva and vagina caused by various types of Candida spp. This condition affects 75% of all women at least once in their lifetime, occurring more frequently during their childbearing years. The transmission of this fungal infection occurs through contact with mucous membranes and secretions on the skin of patients or patients, sexual contact, contaminated water and vertical transmission. Some other characteristic symptoms more seen in cases of VVC are white, creamy and flat lesions, being more intense in the premenstrual period, when the vaginal acidity increases. numerous antifungals are available on the market which are available for oral administration in tablet form or, for topical use, in the form of creams, lotions, vaginal tablets, suppositories and coated tampons. The general objective of the work was to analyze, through a literature review, conventional and alternative treatments for the therapeutic approach of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in its context, using definitions, epidemiological data and its symptoms in society. The present work is an integrative review, which had data collection carried out from March 2021 to October 2021 in the Lilacs, Scielo, Google academic databases. The search resulted in 902 articles, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. The search for treatments against vulvovaginal candidiasis has been shown to be wide according to the selected articles. We conclude that the vulvovaginal candidiasis pathology has been showing resistance in some therapeutic approaches, as well as some women do not adhere to any type of treatment, due to lack of knowledge about the pathology.

La candidiasis vulvovaginal es una infección de la vulva y la vagina cau- sada por diversos tipos de Candida spp. Esta afección afecta al 75% de las mujeres al menos una vez en la vida, siendo más frecuente durante la edad fértil. La transmisión de esta infección fúngica se produce por contacto con mucosas y secreciones de la piel de pacientes o enfermos, contacto sexual, agua contaminada y transmisión vertical. Otros síntomas característicos más observados en los casos de CVV son las lesiones blancas, cremosas y planas, siendo más intensas en el período premenstrual, cuando aumenta la acidez vaginal. Existen en el mercado numerosos antifúngicos disponibles para adminis- tración oral en forma de comprimidos o, para uso tópico, en forma de cremas, lociones, comprimidos vaginales, supositorios y tampones recubiertos. El objetivo general del tra- bajo fue analizar, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, los tratamientos convencionales y alternativos para el abordaje terapéutico de la Candidiasis Vulvovaginal en su contexto, utilizando definiciones, datos epidemiológicos y su sintomatología en la sociedad. El pre- sente trabajo es una revisión integradora, que tuvo recolección de datos realizada de marzo de 2021 a octubre de 2021 en las bases de datos académicas Lilacs, Scielo, Google. La búsqueda resultó en 902 artículos, de los cuales 14 cumplieron los criterios de inclu- sión. La búsqueda de tratamientos contra la candidiasis vulvovaginal se ha mostrado am- plia según los artículos seleccionados. Concluimos que la patología de la candidiasis vul- vovaginal viene mostrando resistencia en algunos abordajes terapéuticos, así como algu- nas mujeres no se adhieren a ningún tipo de tratamiento, debido al desconocimiento de la patología.

Importância e aspectos clínicos da dermatite de contato por própolis / Importance and clinical aspects of propolis contact dermatitis

Objetivos: própolis é a substância resinosa que as abelhas coletam de plantas para a construção de suas colmeias. O objetivo dessa revisão foi ressaltar a importância do diagnóstico de dermatite de contato relacionada com própolis e aspectos clínicos relevantes dessa doença. Métodos: revisão narrativa da literatura realizada através da pesquisa nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). Resultados: foram encontrados 246 artigos e, após o processo de seleção e leitura, foram incluídas 32 publicações. Conclusões: a hipersensibilidade tardia ao própolis é de extrema importância pois a prevalência dessa alergia é crescente em diversas partes do mundo. Precisamos de estudos nacionais para avaliar nossa realidade. A comprovação de alta prevalência em nosso meio permitirá a inclusão desta substância em outras baterias de testes de contato em nosso país

Aims: propolis is the resinous substance that bees collect from plants to build their hives. The aim of this review was to highlight the importance of diagnosing propolis-related contact dermatitis and relevant clinical aspects of this disease. Methods: narrative literature review carried out by searching the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. Results: a total of 246 articles were found and, after the selection and reading process, 32 publications were included. Conclusions: delayed-type hypersensitivity to propolis is extremely important because the prevalence of this allergy is increasing in various parts of the world. We need national studies to assess our reality. Proof of the high prevalence in our country will allow this substance to be included in other patch tests series in our country

The activity of propolis against pathogenic fungi isolated from human infections

Abstract Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by bees from the buds or other parts of plants. It is known for having various biological properties, including antifungal activity. Among the substances present in propolis, flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters are responsible for its antifungal properties. This means that propolis is ideal for use as an antifungal agent in alternative medicine to treat a number of both topical and systemic infections caused by Candida species and other yeast-like fungi, dermatophyte and nondermatophyte moulds, without the serious side effects typical of synthetic treatment. It is also active against strains of fungi that are resistant to polyenes and azoles, the classes of drugs most commonly used to treat fungal infections. In this article, we review current knowledge about the activity of propolis from different parts of the world and its components in vitro and in vivo against pathogenic fungi isolated from human infections. The article also indicates the possible mechanism of antifungal activity of propolis and its components.

Ação antimicrobiana e antibiofilme dos extratos combinados de canela e própolis sobre cepas clínicas de Acinetobacter baumannii e Pseudomonas aeruginosa multirresistentes / Antimicrobial and antibiofilm action of combined extracts of cinnamon and propolis on multiresistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Os microrganismos resistentes a diferentes classes de agentes antimicrobianos têm se tornado cada vez mais comuns e atualmente são denominados como multirresistentes. Nos hospitais, tais microrganismos apresentam maior perigo, pois são causadores de infecções nosocomiais e a higienização bucal deficiente dos pacientes internados pode tornar a cavidade bucal um sítio para proliferação desses microrganismos multirresistentes. Diante do exposto, novos compostos com ação antimicrobiana precisam ser estudados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quimicamente o extrato hidroalcóolico de própolis verde de Baccharis dracunculifolia e de Cinnamomum verum (canela) que foram obtidos a partir da extração da matériaprima, analisar a atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme dos extratos isolados e combinados contra quatro cepas clínicas multirresistentes de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Acinetobacter baumannii e verificar a citotoxicidade dos produtos vegetais in vitro em linhagem celular de queratinócitos humanos (HaCat). Para tanto, os extratos vegetais foram preparados a partir da matéria-prima da canela em casca e da própolis bruta. Em seguida, foram caracterizados quimicamente por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC-DAD) para identificação dos principais compostos e a análise do teor de sólidos solúveis dos extratos vegetais também foi realizada. Para avaliação antimicrobiana, foram performados o teste de microdiluição em caldo de acordo com a Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) e a análise de Checkerboard, para avaliar o efeito combinado dos extratos. A atividade antibiofilme dos extratos combinados foi realizada por meio do teste de MTT, no qual diferentes tempos de contato (5 e 30 min) e diferentes modalidades (inibição na formação do biofilme bacteriano e erradicação do biofilme bacteriano já formado) foram testadas. Para ação citotóxica, as células foram cultivadas em meio DMEM e semeadas na placa de 96 poços. Após aderência inicial, aplicou-se os extratos em diferentes concentrações baseadas nas análises microbiológicas para avaliação da viabilidade celular por meio do teste de MTT. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey, ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Os compostos identificados no extrato de própolis verde de B. dracunculifolia foram ácido clorogênico, derivado do ácido cinâmico e apigenina. O aldeído cinâmico foi o principal composto identificado no extrato de C. verum. Os extratos vegetais apresentaram ação bactericida sobre todas as cepas analisadas e, quando combinados, os extratos atuaram de modo aditivo e algumas combinações sinérgicas foram encontradas. O protocolo de inibição da formação do biofilme promoveu percentuais de redução superiores quando comparado ao protocolo de erradicação. Valores expressivos de 83,86% (p < 0,05) de inibição da formação de biofilme de uma cepa clínica de A. baumannii e 89,31% (p < 0,05) de inibição em uma cepa clínica de P. aeruginosa foram encontrados com a aplicação dos extratos combinados. A atuação dos produtos vegetais foi estatisticamente semelhante a atuação da clorexidina 0,12%. Em conclusão, os extratos de própolis verde e canela na forma isolada ou combinada apresentaram ação antimicrobiana e antibiofilme sobre cepas clínicas de A. baumannii e P. aeruginosa multirresistentes. Dessa forma, os produtos vegetais são promissores agentes antissépticos para futuras formulações odontológicas. (AU)

Microorganisms resistant to different classes of antimicrobial agents have become increasingly common and are currently called multidrug resistant. In hospitals, such microorganisms are more dangerous, as they cause nosocomial infections and poor oral hygiene in hospitalized patients can make the oral cavity a site for the proliferation of these multiresistant microorganisms. Given the above, new compounds with antimicrobial action need to be studied. The objective of this study was to chemically evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis from Baccharis dracunculifolia and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) that were obtained from the extraction of the raw material, to analyze the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the isolated and combined extracts against four clinical strains multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii and verify the cytotoxicity of plant products in vitro in human keratinocyte cell lineage (HaCat). For this purpose, plant extracts were prepared from raw cinnamon bark and raw propolis. Then, they were chemically characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) to identify the main compounds and the analysis of the soluble solids content of the plant extracts was also performed. For antimicrobial evaluation, the broth microdilution test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the Checkerboard analysis were performed to evaluate the combined effect of the extracts. The antibiofilm activity of the combined extracts was performed using the MTT test, in which different contact times (5 and 30 min) and different modalities (inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation and eradication of already formed bacterial biofilms) were tested. For cytotoxic action, cells were cultured in DMEM medium and seeded in the 96-well plate. After initial adhesion, the extracts were applied at different concentrations based on microbiological analyzes to assess cell viability through the MTT test. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test, or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn, considering a significance level of 5%. The compounds identified in the green propolis extract of B. dracunculifolia were chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid derivative and apigenin. Cinnamic aldehyde was the main compound identified in the C. verum extract. The plant extracts showed bactericidal action on all strains analyzed and, when combined, the extracts acted additively and some synergistic combinations were found. The biofilm formation inhibition protocol promoted higher reduction percentages when compared to the eradication protocol. Significant values of 83.86% (p < 0.05) inhibition of biofilm formation in a clinical strain of A. baumannii and 89.31% (p < 0.05) inhibition in a clinical strain of P. aeruginosa were found with the application of the combined extracts. The performance of plant products was statistically similar to the performance of 0.12% chlorhexidine. In conclusion, extracts of green propolis and cinnamon, in isolated or combined form, showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm action on multiresistant clinical strains of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Thus, plant products are promising antiseptic agents for future dental formulations. (AU)

Applicability of an HPLC method for analysis of alcoholic and glycolic Brazilian green-propolis extracts

Abstract Brazilian green propolis has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical products due to its valuable source of phenolic compounds and versatile biological activities. The development and validation of analytical methods are extremely useful for the characterization and quality control of products containing propolis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize, validate and investigate the applicability of a reversed-phase HPLC method for analysis of different types of Brazilian green propolis extracts (glycolic and ethanolic). The method showed to be selective for the propolis phenolic markers. The analysis of variance and residues demonstrated that the method had significant linear regression, without lack of fit. It was also a precise, accurate and robust method, which was of utmost importance to analyze both glycolic and ethanolic extracts and at different concentrations. Moreover, as these products can display most complex matrices to analyze, a valid HPLC method can also prove to be specific and versatile.

Red propolis reduces inflammation in cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats / El propóleos rojo reduce la inflamación en la cistitis hemorrágica inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratas

Introduction. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is used to treat malignant neoplasias and control autoimmune diseases. Still, one of its metabolites, acrolein, is toxic to the urothelium and can lead to hemorrhagic cystitis and severe discomfort. Objective.To evaluate the ability of red propolis to prevent and treat CP-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Materials and methods. Red propolis was extracted in 1% gum arabic and administered subcutaneously (sc). In the first experiment, groups IA, IIA, and IIIA and groups IB, IIB, and IIIB received water, gum arabic (GA), or propolis, respectively, for 30 days. Then water (controls) or CP (treatment) was administered i.p. In the second experiment, groups IVA, VA, and VIA received water i.p. while groups IVB, VB, and VIB received CP i.p. This was followed by 5 injections at 2-hour intervals with either water, GA, or propolis. Bladder tissue was examined according to Gray's criteria. Results. The total inflammatory histology score was significantly smaller in group VIB (11.33 ± 2.07). Mild inflammation predominated in group VIB while most of the animals in group IVB had severe inflammation (p=0.0375). Ulcers were predominantly multiple in Groups IVA and VB but rare or absent in Group VIB (p=0.0118). Urothelial cells were mostly absent in groups IVB and VB and present/normal in group VIB (p=0.0052). Fibrin was abundant in groups IVB and VA but mostly absent in group VIB (p=0.0273). Conclusions. Red propolis can reduce inflammation in CP-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats.

Introducción. La ciclofosfamida se usa para tratar neoplasias malignas y controlar enfermedades autoinmunitarias, pero uno de sus metabolitos, la acroleína, es tóxico para el urotelio y puede provocar cistitis hemorrágica y malestar grave. Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad del propóleos rojo para prevenir y tratar la cistitis hemorrágica inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratas. Materiales y métodos. Se extrajo propóleos rojo en goma arábiga al 1 % y se administró por vía subcutánea. En el primer experimento, los grupos IA, IIA, IIIA, IB, IIB y IIIB recibieron agua, goma arábiga y propóleos, respectivamente, durante 30 días. Luego se les administró agua (controles) o el tratamiento (ciclofosfamida) por inyección intraperitoneal. En el segundo experimento, los grupos IVA, VA, VIA recibieron agua por vía intraperitoneal, y los grupos IVB, VB, VIB recibieron el tratamiento por la misma vía, a lo que le siguieron cinco inyecciones con intervalos de dos horas entre ellas, con agua, goma arábiga o propóleos. El tejido de la vejiga se examinó de acuerdo con los criterios de Gray. Resultados. La puntuación total de la inflamación según la histología fue significativamente menor en el grupo VIB (11,33 ± 2,07). La inflamación leve predominó en este grupo, en tanto que la mayoría de los animales del IVB presentó inflamación grave (p=0,0375). Predominaron las úlceras múltiples en los grupos IVA y VB, pero fueron raras o estuvieron ausentes en el VIB (p=0,0118). En general, no se observaron células uroteliales en los grupos IVB y VB, pero sí en el VIB (p=0,0052). La fibrina fue abundante en los grupos IVB y VA, pero predominantemente ausente en el VIB (p=0,0273). Conclusiones. El propóleos rojo puede reducir la inflamación en la cistitis hemorrágica inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratas.

Propolis from native Stingless Bees: ultrasound-assisted extraction / Propóleos de abejas nativas sin aguijón: extracción asistida por ultrasonido

BACKGROUND: Propolis has been considered a highly valuable material due to its therapeutic properties. However, in Colombia, the commercialization of propolis is limited not only by low production but also by the little knowledge about its efficient extraction. Therefore, finding an optimal and economical extraction method to obtain propolis is a necessity for beekeepers that would open new possibilities for industrial use and, therefore, for the market. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study was to evaluate a conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction method, seeking to obtain the highest yield and a high amount of content of bioactive compounds in propolis extracts. METHODS: The extraction was carried out for three crude propolis from different types of bees: Tetragoniscaangustula or Angelita (ANG), Meliponaeburnea or Melipona(MEL), and Scaptotrigonaspp (SCT). The extracts were characterized by color, pH, visual appearance, solid content, antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, and bacterial inhibition capacity. RESULTS: The highest extraction performance was obtained when the ultrasound-assisted method was used, especially for the ANG extract, which in addition to presenting inhibition for gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. Aureus) bacteria, had the best antioxidant activity with a value of 545 mg GAE / 100 g of sample and total polyphenol content of 1,884 mg GAE / 100 g of sample. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-assisted extraction can be considered a low-cost alternative to increase the extraction performance of crude propolis, together with its total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, without altering its physical properties

ANTECEDENTES: El propóleos ha sido considerado un material de alto valor por sus propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en Colombia la comercialización de propóleos está limitada no solo por la baja producción sino también por el incipiente conocimiento sobre la extracción eficiente de este. Por ello, encontrar un método de extracción óptimo y económico para la obtención de propóleos es una necesidad para los apicultores que abriría nuevas posibilidades para el uso industrial y por tanto para el mercado. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un método de extracción convencional y asistido por ultrasonido (US) buscando el mayor rendimiento y alto contenido de compuestos bioactivos en extractos de propóleos. MÉTODOS: La extracción se realizó para tres propóleos crudos de diferentes tipos de abejas Tetragonisca angustula o Angelita(ANG), Melipona eburnea o Melipona (MEL) y Scaptotrigona spp (SCT). Todos los extractos se caracterizaron por su color, pH, apariencia visual, contenido de sólidos, capacidad antioxidante, contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad de inhibición bacteriana. RESULTADOS: El mayor rendimiento de extracción se obtuvo cuando se usó el método asistido por ultrasonido y específicamente para el extracto ANG, que además de presentar inhibición para bacterias gram negativas (E. coli) y gram positivas (S. Aureus), tuvo la mejor actividad antioxidante con un valor de 545 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra y contenido total de polifenoles de 1884 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra. CONCLUSIONES: La extracción asistida por ultrasonido puede considerarse una alternativa de bajo costo para aumentar el rendimiento de extracción del propóleos crudo, así como su contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante sin alterar sus propiedades físicas

Use and effectiveness of propolis on chronic periodontitis: a systematic review / Uso y efectividad del propóleo en periodontitis crónica: una revisión sistemática

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propolis on non- surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) as it appears in the recent literature. Propolis is a natural and biocompatible resinous substance that has shown, by means of several scientific studies, to possess medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, healing, anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, among others. There are several studies that have reported the use of propolis as a non- surgical treatment of CP, its comparison with other antimicrobials, and the improvement of clinical and microbiological parameters with scaling and root planing (SRP). A bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases up to 2021. The results showed that there are very few reports focused on clinical studies; however, according to the analyzed data, propolis could be a good adjuvant for the treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis compared to the conventional treatment (SRP).

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del propóleo sobre la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica en pacientes con periodontitis crónica (PC) en la literatura reciente. El propóleo es una sustancia resinosa natural y biocompatible que ha sido demostrado a través de varios estudios científicos que posee propiedades medicinales como antimicrobianas, cicatrizantes, anestésicas, antiinflamatorias, analgésicas, entre otras. Existen varios estudios que han reportado el uso del propóleo como tratamiento no quirúrgico de la PC y su comparación con otros antimicrobianos y la mejora de los parámetros clínicos y microbiológicos con el raspado y alisado radicular (SRP). Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos directas de PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science y Science hasta el 2021. Los resultados muestran que existen muy pocos reportes enfocados a estudios clínicos, sin embargo, según los datos analizados, el propóleo podría ser un buen adyuvante para el tratamiento de pacientes con periodontitis crónica en comparación con el tratamiento convencional (SRP).

Uso tópico da própolis verde para a cicatrização de feridas: revisão sistemática da literatura / Topical use of green propolis for wound healing: a systematic review of the literature / Uso tópico del propóleo verde para la cicatrización de heridas: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Objetivo:identificar sistematicamente a efetividade do uso tópico da própolis verde no processo de cicatrização de feridas cirúrgicas. Método: revisão sistemática da literatura que considerou as publicações disponíveis nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine (PubMed/Medline), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature(LILACS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Web of Science. O risco de viés dos estudos foi analisado por meio da ferramenta Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation(SYRCLE). Resultados: os quatro estudos analisados utilizaram a própolis verde para a cicatrização de lesões confeccionadas cirurgicamente. Todos os estudos selecionados foram de metodologia experimental, realizados com animais. Dois estudos (50%) utilizaram o extrato etanólico de própolis verde (nas concentrações de 2,4% e 20%) e os outros dois estudos (50%) usaram o extrato hidroalcóolico de própolis verde a 5%. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram que o uso tópico dos produtos formulados à base de própolis verde promoveu a cicatrização de lesões de pele, uma vez que favoreceu a angiogênese, a proliferação de fibroblastos e, consequentemente, a síntese e deposição de colágeno, bem como demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana e não apresentou toxicidade tissular, fatores esses que são considerados importantes para o processo de reparação tecidual.

Objective:To systematically identify the effectiveness of the topical use of green propolis in the healing process of surgical wounds. Methods: Systematic review of the literature that considered the publications available in the databases: National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the studies was analyzed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool. Results: The four studies analyzed used green propolis for the healing of surgically made lesions. All the selected studies were of experimental methodology, performed with animals. Two studies (50%) used the ethanolic extract of green propolis (at concentrations of 2.4% and 20%) and the other two studies (50%) used the hydroalcoholic extract of green propolis at 5.0%. Conclusion: The results showed that the topical use of formulated products based on green propolis promoted the healing of skin lesions, since it favored angiogenesis, the proliferation of fibroblasts and, consequently, the synthesis and deposition of collagen, as well as showed antimicrobial activity and showed.

Objetivo:identificar sistemáticamente la efectividad del uso tópico del propóleo verde en el proceso de cicatrización de heridas quirúrgicas. Método: Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura que consideró las publicaciones disponibles en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, LILACS (BVS), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) y Web of Science. El riesgo del sesgo de los estudios fue analizado por medio de la herramienta Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). Resultados: los cuatro estudios analizados utilizaron el propóleo verde para la cicatrización de lesiones confeccionadas quirúrgicamente. Todos los estudios seleccionados fueron de metodología experimental, realizados con animales. Dos estudios (50 %) utilizaron el extracto etanólico de propóleo verde (en concentraciones de 2,4 % y 20 %) y los otros dos estudios (50 %) usaron el extracto hidroalcohólico de propóleo verde al 5 %. Conclusión: Los resultados evidenciaron que el uso tópico de los productos formulados a base de propóleo verde promovió la cicatrización de lesiones de piel, debido a que favoreció la angiogénesis, la proliferación de fibroblastos y, en consecuencia la síntesis y deposición de colágeno, así como también demostró actividad antimicrobiana y no presentó toxicidad tisular, factores estos que son considerados importantes para el proceso de reparación de tejidos.

Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: A systematic review of in silico and clinical studies / 中西医结合学报

BACKGROUND@#Propolis and honey have been studied as alternative treatments for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, no study has yet summarized the full body of evidence for the use of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.@*OBJECTIVE@#This study systematically reviews the mechanisms of propolis and honey against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and current evidence for the use of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.@*SEARCH STRATEGY@#A systematic search was conducted of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library from their inceptions to April 2021.@*INCLUSION CRITERIA@#Studies that evaluated the effect of propolis or bee products against SARS-CoV-2 using in silico methods, clinical studies, case reports and case series were included.@*DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS@#A standardized data extraction form was used, and data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Narrative synthesis was used to summarize study results concerning the use of propolis or honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment and their potential mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2.@*RESULTS@#A total of 15 studies were included. Nine studies were in silico studies, two studies were case reports, one study was a case series, and three studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In silico studies, using molecular docking methods, showed that compounds in propolis could interact with several target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the main protease enzyme, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and spike protein. Propolis may have a positive effect for clinical improvement in mild and moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients, according to case reports and case series. The included RCTs indicated that propolis or honey could probably improve clinical symptoms and decrease viral clearance time when they were used as adjuvant therapy to standard of care.@*CONCLUSION@#In silico studies showed that compounds from propolis could interact with target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, interfering with viral entry and viral RNA replication, while clinical studies revealed that propolis and honey could probably improve clinical COVID-19 symptoms and decrease viral clearance time. However, clinical evidence is limited by the small number of studies and small sample sizes. Future clinical studies are warranted.

Increased Expression of RUNX2 and ALP Resulting from a Combination of Propolis Extract and Bovine Bone Graft in Socket Preservation Material

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the inductive effect of a combination of propolis and BBG extract on RUNX2 and ALP expression in the tooth extraction sockets of Cavia cobaya. Fifty- six Cavia cobaya were divided into four groups: polyethylene glycol (PEG), propolis extract + PEG, BBG + PEG, and propolis extract + BBG + PEG. The lower left incisor was extracted, and the socket subsequently filled with material according to the specific group of which the subject was a member. The subjects were sacrificed on the 14th and 30th days. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out under a light microscope at 400x magnification. Statistical analysis was then carried out by means of One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The mean number of RUNX2 and ALP expressions in each group was significantly different. The highest number of RUNX2 and ALP expressions occurred in the propolis + BBG + PEG group on the 30th day, while the lowest expressions were observed in the control group on the 14th day. A combination of propolis and BBG extract at a concentration of 2% of active substance effectively increases the expression of RUNX2 and ALP in preserving the tooth extraction sockets of Cavia cobaya.

Stingless bee propolis, metformin, and their combination alleviate diabetic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background and aim: Stingless bee propolis, a resinous compound processed by mandibular secretion of stingless bees, is used for maintenance of hygiene and stability of beehives. Research on stingless bee propolis shows therapeutic properties attributed to polyphenols exhibiting antioxidative, antihyperglycemic and antiischemic effect. However, the cardioprotective effect of stingless bee propolis on diabetic cardiomyopathy is unknown. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomised to five groups: normal group, diabetic group, diabetic given metformin (DM+M), diabetic given propolis (DM+P) and diabetic given combination therapy (DM+M+P) and treated for four weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, food and water intake were taken weekly. At the end of experiment, biomarkers of oxidative damage were measured in serum and heart tissue. Antioxidants in heart tissue were quantified. Part of left ventricle of heart was processed for histological staining including Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain for myocyte size and Masson's Trichrome (MT) stain for heart fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis. Results: Propolis alleviated features of diabetic cardiomyopathy such as myocyte hypertrophy, heart fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis associated with improvement in antioxidative status. Conclusion: This study reports beneficial effect of propolis and combination with metformin in alleviating histopathological feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating antioxidants, making propolis an emerging complementary therapy.

Allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis: case report

ABSTRACT Propolis is a lipophilic resin extracted from plants by bees. The purpose of this case report was to show the importance of this substance as cause of allergic contact cheilitis. A 21-year-old female patient complained of pruritic perioral eczema for 5 years. In the past months it also affected the neck. After diagnosing contact dermatitis, she was submitted to a patch test with a Latin American baseline series. The result was strongly positive for propolis (++) and weakly positive for perfume mix I (+). After the test, the patient revealed she had been using propolis drops, per oris, for 10 years. The worsening of the condition was due to increased dose, aiming "to improve immunity", during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The contact allergy to propolis might be increasing due to the widespread use of natural products. Propolis is a sensitizer to be considered in patients with long-lasting cheilitis.

Actividad antibacteriana de un extracto etanólico de propóleo peruano frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of a Peruvian propolis ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Los derivados del propóleo poseen propiedades antimicrobianas importantes y presentan un potencial uso para la prevención y tratamiento de la caries dental. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de un extracto etanólico de propóleo peruano frente a Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Se obtuvo el extracto etanólico de propóleo por maceración en alcohol al 70 por ciento durante 15 días. El extracto etanólico de propóleo fue diluido con agua destilada para obtener concentraciones de 75 por ciento, 50 por ciento y 25 por ciento. La actividad antibacteriana se evaluó mediante la prueba de difusión en disco sobre medio agar cerebro-corazón inoculado con S. mutans ATCC® 25175™, se empleó clorhexidina (CHX) al 0,12 por ciento como control. Las placas de Petri fueron incubadas por 48 horas a 37 ºC en condiciones de microaerofilia. Posteriormente se realizó la medición de los halos de inhibición con un compás Vernier. Resultados: Todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de propóleo presentaron actividad antibacteriana frente al S. mutans (25 por ciento = 17,582 ± 2,578 mm; 50 por ciento = 16,906 ± 1,892 mm; 75 por ciento = 16,881 ± 2,013 mm; 100 por ciento = 17,201 ± 1,305 mm). Sin embargo, fueron menores que la CHX al 0,12 por ciento (24,543 ± 2,486 mm) (p < 0,05). Según la escala de Duraffourd, S. mutans fue sensible (+) y muy sensible (++) para todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de propóleo, mientras que para CHX al 0,12 % fue sumamente sensible (+++) (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de propóleo peruano presenta actividad antibacteriana significativa considerada como sensible y muy sensible frente a S. mutans(AU)

Introduction: Due to their important antimicrobial properties, propolis by-products are potentially useful for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity of a Peruvian propolis ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The propolis ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration in 70 percent alcohol for 15 days. The extract was diluted in distilled water to obtain concentrations of 75 percent , 50 percent and 25 percent . Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion test in brain heart agar medium inoculated with S. mutans ATCC® 25175™. Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12 percent was used as control. The Petri plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37ºC in microaerophilic conditions. The inhibition haloes were then measured with a Vernier caliper. Results: All the concentrations of the propolis ethanolic extract displayed antibacterial activity against S. mutans: 25 percent = 17.582 ± 2.578 mm; 50 percent = 16.906 ± 1.892 mm; 75 percent = 16.881 ± 2.013 mm; 100 percent = 17.201 ± 1.305 mm. However, values were lower than those of 0.12 percent CHX: 24.543 ± 2.486 mm (p < 0.05). According to the Duraffourd scale, S. mutans was sensitive (+) and very sensitive (++) to all propolis ethanolic extract concentrations, and highly sensitive to 0.12 percent chlorhexidine (+++) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Peruvian propolis ethanolic extract displays significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Such activity was evaluated as sensitive and very sensitive(AU)

Uso de agentes naturais no manejo da mucosite oral / Use of natural agents in the management of oral mucositis

A mucosite oral (MO) é uma grave complicação dos tratamentos antineoplásicos, caracterizada pela presença de lesões erosivas e ulcerativas na mucosa oral, que podem causar uma diminuição significativa na qualidade de vida do paciente. Realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o uso de agentes naturais na prevenção e tratamento da MO induzida por quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia. Artigos científicos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e Medline/PubMed, utilizando-se os descritores chamomile, propolis, honey, aloe, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis e phytotherapeutic drug. A partir dessa busca e dos critérios de inclusão adotados, 22 artigos foram selecionados. Na maioria dos estudos analisados, o uso de produtos naturais, como camomila, própolis, mel e aloe vera, foi capaz de diminuir a incidência da MO e a severidade dessas lesões e, além disso, permitiu um melhor controle da dor local, sendo considerada uma boa opção terapêutica. O uso de produtos naturais tornou-se um importante método alternativo para tratamento e prevenção da MO, pois é uma terapia de baixo custo, que apresenta menos reações adversas e que podem ser implementadas pelos profissionais da saúde bucal... (AU)

Oral mucositis (OM) is a serious complication of antineoplastic treatments, characterized by the presence of erosive and ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa, which may cause a significant decrease in the quality of life of the patient. To perform a literature review about the use of natural agents in the prevention and treatment of OM induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Scientific articles were searched in the Scielo, Lilacs and Medline / PubMed databases using the descriptors chamomile, propolis, honey, aloe, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis and phytotherapeutic drugs. From that research and according to the inclusion criteria, 22 articles were selected to compose this literature review. In most of the analyzed studies, the use of natural products, such as chamomile, propolis, honey and aloe vera was able to decrease the incidence of OM and the severity of these leions, and also allowed a better control of local pain, thus being considered a good therapeutic option. The use of natural products became an important alternative method for the treatment and prevention of OM, since it is a low-cost treatment, which presents less adverse effects and that can be implemented by oral health professionals... (AU)

La mucositis oral (MO) es una complicación grave de los tratamientos antineoplásicos, caracterizada por la presencia de lesiones erosivas y ulcerativas en la mucosa oral, que pueden provocar una disminución significativa de la calidad de vida del paciente. Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el uso de agentes naturales en la prevención y el tratamiento de la MO inducida por quimioterapia y / o radioterapia. Se realizaron búsquedas de artículos científicos en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS y Medline/PubMed, utilizando los descriptores Manzanilla; Própolis; Miel; Aloe; Estomatitis; Medicamentos Fitoterápicos. De esta búsqueda y de los criterios de inclusión adoptados se seleccionaron 22 artículos. En la mayoría de los estudios analizados, el uso de productos naturales, como manzanilla, própolis, miel y aloe vera, consiguió reducir la incidencia de MO y la gravedad de estas lesiones y, además, permitió un mejor control del dolor local, siendo considerada una buena opción terapéutica. El uso de productos naturales se ha convertido en un método alternativo importante para el tratamiento y prevención de la MO, por ser una terapia de bajo costo, que tiene menos reacciones adversas y que puede ser implementada por profesionales de la salud bucal... (AU)